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American Journal of Human Biology : the... Jun 2023Many parents swaddle their infants to promote sleep and reduce night-waking, however lack of definitive evidence about the pros and cons of swaddling when breastfeeding... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Many parents swaddle their infants to promote sleep and reduce night-waking, however lack of definitive evidence about the pros and cons of swaddling when breastfeeding hinders postnatal recommendations regarding this infant care practice. This review critically examines research conducted on the impact of swaddling upon breastfeeding.
METHODS
Only two recent studies on swaddling outcomes have reported infant feed-type, therefore the purpose of this paper is to consider the known effects of swaddling on breastfeeding babies and their mothers. We interpret the existing literature on swaddling in terms of impact on breastfeeding physiology and behaviour during the immediate post-natal period, and as infancy progresses.
RESULTS
Infants swaddled immediately after birth show a delay in initial breastfeeding, less successful suckling at the breast, reduced intake of breastmilk and greater weight loss compared to un-swaddled babies. Swaddling visually obscures feeding cues and reduces crying, thereby eliminating two key feeding prompts typically used by parents/carers.
CONCLUSIONS
As swaddled babies cry less, and are fed less frequently than un-swaddled babies some clinical trials position swaddling as a 'novel weight regulation tool' to combat obesity. However, in the case of breastfed babies, by reducing feed frequency swaddling may impede maternal milk production and thereby infant growth.
Topics: Infant; Female; Child; Humans; Breast Feeding; Sleep; Infant Care; Milk, Human; Breast
PubMed: 36787374
DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23878 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Oct 1992
Topics: Breast Feeding; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Risk Factors
PubMed: 1422355
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.305.6857.788 -
The Journal of Nutrition Feb 2007More than 90% of women in developing countries and 50 to 90% of women in industrialized countries now initiate breast-feeding, a marked improvement from 25 y ago. The... (Review)
Review
More than 90% of women in developing countries and 50 to 90% of women in industrialized countries now initiate breast-feeding, a marked improvement from 25 y ago. The duration of breast-feeding has lengthened, but fewer than 35% of infants worldwide are still exclusively breast-fed at 4 mo of age. Considerable progress has also been made in combating infant malnutrition. In 1980, 47% of under-5-y-old children in developing countries were stunted. This percentage declined to 29% in 2005. Major advances in formula use and composition include the introduction of formulas tailored to the perceived needs of low-birth-weight infants and the development of fortifiers to overcome the nutritional deficits of human milk for the preterm infant. More recently, postdischarge formulas were introduced and are now being used widely, often in combination with breast-feeding. Formulas for term infants also have undergone a number of changes in the past 25 y to better reproduce the composition of human milk and/or the response of the breast-fed infant. The use of whey-predominant rather than casein-predominant formulas has increased, as has the use of iron-fortified formulas. Cow's milk is introduced into the infant's diet much later than 25 y ago. Despite the progress that has been made in promoting breast-feeding and in the quality of infant formulas, further improvements in the duration of breast-feeding and in the composition of infant formulas are needed.
Topics: Breast Feeding; Humans; Infant; Infant Formula; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Malnutrition; Research
PubMed: 17237336
DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.2.499S -
RMD Open Jun 2022Previous research has demonstrated that patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are less likely to breast feed their offspring. Treatment options for RA during lactation...
OBJECTIVES
Previous research has demonstrated that patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are less likely to breast feed their offspring. Treatment options for RA during lactation have expanded and the importance of counselling is recognised. The aim of the current research was to study breast feeding among women with RA who benefit from these developments.
METHODS
Patients were derived from the Preconceptional Counselling in Active Rheumatoid Arthritis (PreCARA) cohort. Patients were treated according to a modified treat-to-target approach aimed at remission and received pregnancy counselling, including counselling on breast feeding. Postpartum visits were scheduled at 4-6, 12 and 26 weeks post partum. Prevalence of breast feeding at each postpartum visit was compared with a historical reference cohort (Pregnancy-induced Amelioration of Rheumatoid Arthritis cohort) and the general population.
RESULTS
Data on 171 pregnancies were available for the current analysis. 120 (70.2%) patients with RA initiated breast feeding. 103/171 (60.2%), 68/171 (39.8%) and 45/171 (26.3%) patients with RA breast fed their offspring at 4-6, 12 and 26 weeks post partum, respectively. These percentages were higher at all postpartum visits compared with the historical reference cohort (p<0.001). In comparison with the general population, the rates were similar at each time point.
CONCLUSION
Patients with RA in the PreCARA cohort were more likely to breast feed their offspring compared with patients with RA in the historical reference cohort. The breastfeeding rates observed were similar to breastfeeding rates among women in the general population. The increase in breast feeding among patients with RA may be due to the extension of lactation-compatible medication and pregnancy counselling.
Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Breast Feeding; Counseling; Female; Humans; Lactation; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy
PubMed: 35705306
DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2022-002194 -
American Family Physician Mar 2016
Review
Topics: Breast Feeding; Contraception; Female; Humans; Lactation; Postpartum Period
PubMed: 26926971
DOI: No ID Found -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Nov 2001
Topics: Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Norway
PubMed: 11876131
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of the Academy of Medicine,... Aug 2019
Topics: Attitude of Health Personnel; Breast Feeding; Child; Child Health; Child, Preschool; Female; Global Health; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Promotion; Humans; Infant; Infant Health; Infant, Newborn; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Singapore
PubMed: 31628742
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Obesity 2016. Breastfeeding is associated with a decreased risk of obesity in the early and adult years. Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPI) experience high rates of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
. Breastfeeding is associated with a decreased risk of obesity in the early and adult years. Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPI) experience high rates of obesity which is often obfuscated with aggregated data. Using disaggregated data, we examined breastfeeding practices among NHPI. . Seven databases and reference lists were searched. Two independent researchers extracted relevant studies based on predetermined criteria. Nine studies met our inclusion criteria and a meta-analysis was conducted using random-effects, inverse-various weighted models. . Few studies disaggregated NHPI populations when examining breastfeeding practices. Most studies were cross-sectional and our search yielded no randomized or quasirandomized control trials. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that 46.5% NHPI women initiated breastfeeding with 40.8% breastfeeding exclusively. These pooled analyses show that NHPI breastfeeding practices are below the recommended national and international goals and guidelines. . Breastfeeding practices among NHPI are heterogeneous and critical disparities exist among certain NHPI subgroups and additional research needs to be conducted to determine the reasons for the disparity. Future studies should work to disaggregate data for NHPI and the various subpopulations. Multicomponent, multilevel strategies are needed to support breastfeeding practices among NHPI.
Topics: Breast Feeding; Female; Hawaii; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; Obesity; Pacific Ocean
PubMed: 27774314
DOI: 10.1155/2016/2489021 -
Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Oct 2010Epilepsy is a relatively common maternal complication affecting 0.3-0.5% of pregnant women. For most mothers with epilepsy, the use of antiepileptic drugs (AED) is... (Review)
Review
Epilepsy is a relatively common maternal complication affecting 0.3-0.5% of pregnant women. For most mothers with epilepsy, the use of antiepileptic drugs (AED) is unavoidable, even during pregnancy and lactation. Therefore, the fetus is indirectly exposed to AED via the placenta and breast milk. AED are also prescribed for female patients with other diseases, such as bipolar disorders. In clinical settings, physicians are frequently questioned whether or not women patients taking AED should breast-feed their offspring. Thus, it is necessary to establish an optimum AED regimen for women taking AED, in particular for those with epilepsy during pregnancy and lactation. In this article, we critically review the effects of AED on infants via breast milk and attempt to provide suggestions for clinicians regarding these effects during breast-feeding, based on the data of transplacental passage of AED, breast milk concentration/maternal serum concentration ratios, AED metabolism in infants and the effects of AED in breast milk on infants.
Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Bottle Feeding; Breast Feeding; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Milk, Human; Mothers; Pregnancy
PubMed: 20923425
DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02126.x -
Public Health Nutrition Jan 2017There have been few studies investigating the association between food security and breast-feeding duration and none have been conducted among Canadian Inuit, a...
OBJECTIVE
There have been few studies investigating the association between food security and breast-feeding duration and none have been conducted among Canadian Inuit, a population disproportionately burdened with food insecurity. We evaluated the association between household food security and breast-feeding duration in Canadian Inuit children.
DESIGN
Data were obtained from the Nunavut Inuit Child Health Survey, a population-based cross-sectional survey.
SETTING
The Canadian Territory of Nunavut in 2007 and 2008.
SUBJECTS
Caregivers of Inuit children aged 3-5 years. Participating children were randomly sampled from community medical centre lists.
RESULTS
Out of 215 children, 147 lived in food-insecure households (68·4 %). Using restricted mean survival time models, we estimated that children in food-secure households were breast-fed for 16·8 (95 % CI 12·5, 21·2) months and children in food-insecure households were breast-fed for 21·4 (95 % CI 17·9, 24·8) months. In models adjusting for social class, traditional knowledge and child health, household food security was not associated with breast-feeding duration (hazard ratio=0·82, 95 % CI 0·58, 1·14).
CONCLUSIONS
Our research does not support the hypothesis that children living in food-insecure households were breast-fed for a longer duration than children living in food-secure households. However, we found that more than 50 % of mothers in food-insecure households continued breast-feeding well beyond 1 year. Many mothers in food-secure households also continued to breast-feed beyond 1 year. Given the high prevalence of food insecurity in Inuit communities, we need to ensure infants and their caregivers are being adequately nourished to support growth and breast-feeding, respectively.
Topics: Breast Feeding; Canada; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Family Characteristics; Female; Food Supply; Health Surveys; Humans; Inuit; Lost to Follow-Up; Male; Proportional Hazards Models; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors
PubMed: 27465413
DOI: 10.1017/S136898001600166X